Dynamic content modifications

ABSTRACT

In some implementations, a method for remediating issues on webpages through client-side fixes that are performed without modifying underlying webpage code includes receiving, at a remediation server system, a request for remediation code, the request for remediation code originating from a client computing device that has accessed a webpage that has a statement requiring the remediation code, the webpage being part of a website that is hosted by a third party server system, the request identifying the webpage that is requesting the remediation code. The method can further include identifying one or more specific remediations for remediating issues on the website; accessing one or more specific remediation code portions; and accessing a client-side remediation code engine. The method can further include transmitting the client-side remediation code engine and the one or more specific remediation code portions to the client computing device.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/404,166 filed May 6, 2019, which claims priority to U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 62/666,950, filed on May 4, 2018, the entirecontents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

Websites can vary in their quality. The quality of a website can affectthe experience of users visiting the website and can also affecthow/when the website is returned in search results by search engines. Insome cases, the quality of a website can be characterized or measured bythe accessibility of the website to users with disabilities or specialneeds. For example, a user with a hearing disability cannot fully use awebsite if one or more pages of the website have accessibility issuesrelated to hearing or sound.

Website quality can also affect how and when search engines returnwebsites in search results. For example, a website that contains brokenlinks—meaning links to pages that do not exist or are otherwiseunavailable—can receive lower ranking scores for search engine queriesand, as a result, may not be returned as frequently in search results ornear the top of the search results when it is returned.

SUMMARY

This document generally describes systems, devices, computer programproducts, and techniques to allow for providing dynamic client-sidefixes to web pages, such as fixes for accessibility issues, searchengine optimization, and/or other issues. Such fixes can be implementedwithout having to modify or otherwise change the underlying websitecode. For example, a website developer can add an “include” statement(or other reference) for code to be downloaded by a client device andrun as part of the website. The code can be customized to fix issuesthat would otherwise be presented as part of the website on the clientdevice, such as accessibility issues (e.g., font too small, colorswithout sufficient contrast, menu structure not sufficiently accessible,no alternatives to images, audio, text), search engine optimizationissues (e.g., broken links), and/or other client-side websitepresentation issues. The code can, for example, dynamically search forand modify elements in the DOM tree on the client device. Other types ofclient-side modifications are also possible.

Client-side modifications can be selected by website developers from acode repository of possible fixes, which can be previewed and approvedby the website developer before they are released and published toclient devices. For example, a single client-side code fix may not workacross all websites and, in some instances, has the potential todynamically create additional issues on the client-side than werealready present. By presenting website developers with options andpreviews, website developers can control the particular code segmentsthat are distributed to client devices with their website and can alsoensure that they will work as intended to dynamically resolve the issueson the client device. Each website can have a corresponding andcustomized set of code fixes that, in large part, are based on approvedselections by website developers through a preview mode. Developers may,in some instances, opt to approve code fixes without a preview.

Code segments to provide dynamic client-side fixes can be automaticallygenerated, for example, through various techniques, such as throughmachine learning techniques (e.g., neural networks, clustering). Forexample, websites that exhibit an issue can be contrasted against otherwebsites that do not have the same issue and that potentially have a fixfor the issue. Through static and/or dynamic analysis (e.g., analysis ofthe DOM trees for various websites), code fixes can be automaticallygenerated and added to a repository of code fixes.

In some implementations, a method for remediating issues on webpagesthrough client-side fixes that are performed without modifyingunderlying webpage code includes receiving, at a remediation serversystem, a request for remediation code, the request for remediation codeoriginating from a client computing device that has accessed a webpagethat has a statement requiring the remediation code, the webpage beingpart of a website that is hosted by a third party server system, therequest identifying the webpage that is requesting the remediation code.The method can further include identifying, from among a plurality ofremediations, one or more specific remediations that were previouslypreviewed and approved by an owner of the website for remediating issueson the website; accessing, from a remediation code database, one or morespecific remediation code portions that correspond to the one or morespecific remediations, the remediation code database including aplurality of different remediation code portions that correspond to theplurality of remediations; and accessing a client-side remediation codeengine that is designed to traverse and modify a DOM tree on the clientcomputing device to implement client-side remediations. The method canfurther include transmitting the client-side remediation code engine andthe one or more specific remediation code portions to the clientcomputing device, wherein the client-side remediation code engine is runon the client computing device and causes the one or more specificremediation code portions to modify the DOM tree for the webpage on theclient computing device.

Such a method can optionally include one or more of the followingadditional features. The client-side remediation code engine canidentify specific portions of the DOM tree to modify based on DOM treeidentifiers that are included in the one or more specific remediationcode portions. The DOM tree identifiers can be based on combinations orcomputations derived from features in the DOM tree. The DOM treeidentifiers can include hashes of the features in the DOM tree. Thespecific portions of the DOM tree can include geometric segments of thewebpage and the one or more specific remediation code portions are onlyapplied to the geometric segments. The one or more specific remediationscan be identified for the geometric segments and the website in theremediation code database.

Certain implementations may provide one or more advantages. For example,issues for pages (e.g., accessibility issues, SEO issues) on a websitecan be identified and corrected automatically. Users, such as webmastersof a company's website(s), who have little or no knowledge on thesubject of digital accessibility can be provided with tools thatautomatically identify accessibility issues that exist on pages of theirwebsite(s). Accessibility issues can be identified and fixed withoutcommitting development resources to make code fixes, as no formaltraining in coding and remediating for accessibility is required. Forexample, correcting accessibility issues can meet the needs of K12 andhigher education verticals in the United States in which there is anincreasing demand from the federal Office of Civil Rights (OCR) toresolve accessibility issues brought on by customer complaints.Accessibility issues can be corrected quickly, meeting any urgent needto react and resolve issues within a tight timeline.

The details of one or more implementations of the subject matterdescribed in this specification are set forth in the accompanyingdrawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, andadvantages of the subject matter will become apparent from thedescription, the drawings, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is block diagram of an example system for completing dynamiccontent modifications to fix issues on pages of a website.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an example of a combined systemcombining a guidance approach and an automated solution.

FIGS. 3A-D depict a sequence of user interfaces that are presented on awebsite owner/developer client device and website user client devices toprovide client-side website remediation.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an example technique for identifying geometricsegments in a webpage and using those geometric segments to implementsegment-specific remediation within a website with a greater level ofgranularity.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of example computing devices that may be usedto implement the systems and methods described in this document, aseither a client or as a server or plurality of servers.

Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicatelike elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Techniques described in the present disclosure can be used forremediation purposes for pages of a website, specifically to identifyand correct issues on the pages, such as accessibility issues, SEOissues, and/or other issues related to content being presented on awebsite. The techniques can include, for example, automated solutionsand guidance approaches. The automated solutions can include the use ofapplications built on a code library of fixes, with preview and approvalfunctionalities that allow a user to selectively apply changes. Guidanceapproaches can include textual and interface updates in the form ofeasy-to-use, self-serve features that are built directly into a pagereport. The features can educate a user and allow the user toself-manage accessibility fixes over the long-term.

Remediation tools for identifying and correcting issues for pages of awebsite can include automated and self-managed aspects. The remediationtools can be beneficial for businesses and organizations, for example,that lack expert skills and resources (e.g., developers and webmasters)to identify and fix issues (e.g., lack expertise in accessibility issuesand compliance with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 andother standards or requirements for making content more accessible topeople with disabilities). In another example, remediation tools can bebeneficial for business and organizations that need to retrofit anexisting or legacy web environment to include various updates, such asSEO updates, accessibility fixes, and/or others. In a further example,remediation tools can be beneficial for businesses and organizationsthat have urgent needs to implement various changes and do not have thetime or resources to modify the underlying website code. In anotherexample, remediation tools can be beneficial for businesses andorganizations that need to bulk-fix minor issues immediately,efficiently, and consistently, without the need to delegate the work toa development team.

Remediation tools can be used to identify problems with specificelements of pages of a website. Identifying the problems can includespecifying criteria (e.g., accessibility criteria, SEO criteria) thatare not met, as well as identifying specific criteria that are alreadymet by elements on pages of the website. Specific problems can beflagged for presentation to the user, such as by displaying a copy ofone of the pages of the website that is noncompliant and highlighting(such as by circling or by using other display mechanisms) specificissues. As an example, a visual link that appears on a page of a websitecan be flagged, such as by using an image of the page with highlightingor other marking. In some implementations, a detected accessibilityissue can include a marking along the lines of, “This link isnoncompliant with accessibility standard X because of Y, but a simplefix is available for this and other similar instances.”

Various remediation strategies can be used. For instance, in a firstexample strategy, elements of pages of a website can be analyzed toidentify issues, such as accessibility issues, SEO issues, and/or otherissues. The analysis can include, for example, accessing a database ofknown issues and using automated techniques to scan the Hypertext MarkupLanguage (HTML) that is used to generate the pages. In someimplementations, the known issues can include: 1) industry-wide issues(that may pertain to the pages of any websites); 2) categories of issues(that may pertain to pages of websites in a same vertical, a samegeographic region, or covering a same subject matter); and 5)partner-unique accessibility issues that are known to have beenidentified (and possibly corrected) for the same user, such as thewebmaster who manages pages of websites under the webmaster's control. Asecond example strategy can include, for example, using afully-automated process for the identification and correction of issues.Fully-automated processes can include, for example, processes that occurafter a user's authorization to automatically make fixes toaccessibility issues. The authorization can occur, for example, afterthe user completes a process of reviewing and approving similar fixes,thus reaching a trusted level that requires no parameters or furtherinput from the user. In a third example strategy, manual adjustments canbe used that involve input from the user in a process that requires userreview and authorization of individual issues that have been identified.

Automated and semi-automated processes can, for example, be used toidentify a node that is to be modified. Modifications can occur bysimply making a change in a copy of the DOM tree that represents HTML asa tree structure of tags. The identified node (such as a tag in the DOMtree, or an identifier for the node) can be combined with a hash of aDOM node plus a value of the node to be verified. The resulting hashDOM, modified with color for presentation to the user, can serve as afurther identifier. Other techniques, systems, and processes forimplementing automated and semi-automated processes are also possible.

Remediation tools can be customized, such as including customizationbased on characteristics of pages of the website. The customization canfurther be based on the types of issues (e.g., accessibility, SEO, otherissues) that have been fixed in the past as well as characteristics ofissues that are currently being considered for being fixed.Customization can apply, for example, to all pages of the website and tocategories of elements on those pages. In some implementations,remediation tools can be tailored to (or generated based on) a serviceagreement for implementing website-specific strategies. For example, thewebmaster of a website may have a specific target goal to be reached,such as to correct all accessibility issues that are related to aspecific group of individuals with a particular disability. In someimplementations, site-specific remediation code can be written andprovided to a user for use in fixing accessibility issues.

In some implementations, remediation tools can include the use of imagesthat are presented to the user. For example, the use of various featuresthat are available from a tools menu can result in the presentation ofan image. As an example, an image can be presented to the user thatshows a current representation of a page from a website, includinghighlighting one or more accessibility issues that may be present on thepage. In some implementations, hovering over a portion of the image thatincludes a highlighted accessibility issue can trigger the presentationof information that explains why an accessibility issue exists. Otherinformation that can be presented includes a description of a potentialfix or steps that can be taken to remediate the situation (andoptionally, other instances that are similar). In another example, animage can be presented that shows the results of a fix that has beenmade based on accessibility issues. In some implementations, the usercan be presented with an option to show “before-and-after” images,resulting in a display of a page (or a portion of the page) before andafter the accessibility issue has been fixed. In some implementations,after a user makes a fix to pages of one or more websites, a series ofimages can be presented that show the effects of the fix. Images canalso be used to present pages on which fixes are no longer working. Inthis example, the user can be presented with an accessibility fix thatis determined automatically by the system so that the user can pagethrough the pages, view the accessibility issue, and confirm theapplication of changes along the way.

Automated remediation tools can include the development and managementof a code library of fixes for issues (e.g., accessibility issues, SEOissues) that are independent of specific customer websites orenvironments. The code library can be used within, or in combinationwith, JAVASCRIPT files. In this way, the code library can be used and/orreferenced on all pages without altering original source code. Forexample, when a page is loaded, the .js file can crawl the page andapply only the necessary fixes on the client side within the instance ofany browser.

Automated remediation tools can cover non-visual fixes that addressissues of compatibility with assistive technologies. In someimplementations, the tools can include a preview mode that includes anoption that allows the user to preview a respective fix on the page andin the page's corresponding HTML before approving and applying the fix.In some implementations, the tools can leverage heuristics and machinelearning, which can allow the code library to evolve over time to covermore technically complex issues and to allow the replacement of manualtasks with automatic or semi-automatic procedures. For example, if theuser has shown a tendency to always manually correct a similaraccessibility issue over several pages, then the correction can beincorporated into a set of accessibility fixes that occur automatically.

Remediation tools can be used to leverage expert partnerships. Forexample, the creation of a code library can include code fixes frompartnerships with accessibility consulting firms and other experts inthe field. Accessibility partners can add increasingly more complexfixes that can correct inherent issues with CMS templates and layoutissues or that can replace manual input procedures with automatic orsemi-automatic procedures. Partners who help with the development of theremediation tools can provide consultation (including initial assessmentof customer requirements, technical environments, and limitations),build customized manual fixes, and make suggestions for more visualfixes.

In some implementations, automated remediation tools can include thefollowing features. The tools can allow an entity that controls awebsite, for example, to match the offerings of its website to websitesof key competitors, such as to migrate to a similar level ofaccessibility. The tools can provide a starting point by which customerscan adopt accessibility into their practices. For example, the tools canprovide a robust code library that is built from automatic and manualfixes. The code library can be updated and applied outside of the userenvironment.

Guidance approaches for the use of the tools over time can include thefollowing. In addition to the use of automated JAVASCRIPT solutions,long-term strategies can evolve that use both the capabilities of thetool and the ability of individual users to manage remediation tasksover time. As such, with the guidance approaches in mind, a completeservice package can be provided that supports customers throughout eachstep of the digital accessibility process. The tools can providestep-by-step instructions, assign roles, and provide cut-and-paste codeexamples that are available within a user interface, such as availablefrom page reports. The tools can be designed to provide user control,including providing an emphasis on a model of self-management to educateand empower users to make informed decisions about accessibility fixes,which can reduce the number of issues and their remediation costs (e.g.,including internal and external costs).

Benefits of guidance approaches can include the following. Users can beeducated, through guidance provided by the remediation tools, toself-manage common fixes. Preview modes can provide users with informeddecision making abilities. Code examples can be copied and applieddirectly into a user environment, immediately showing the effects of aproposed change to the user's website. Accessibility issues can be fixedin the user's source code. The guidance approach can result in fewerissues and higher digital certainty index (DCI) scores. Consulting anddevelopment costs can be reduced, e.g., as ease-of-use leads tolong-term retention.

Technical considerations associated with automated remediation tools caninclude the following. In some implementations, when issues are detectedusing certain types of front-end frameworks that can limit client-sideDOM patching, a warning can be displayed to the user. For example, thewarning can explain (such as during preview mode) that a particularpatch to make accessibility fixes will not work. Further, instructionscan be provided the describe how the users can make the fix themselves,or partnership services to customize a patch can be offered. In someimplementations, such as with configuration management systems that donot provide easy reversal of automated fixes, cascading style sheet(CSS) selectors can be relied upon for locating DOM nodes that are to bepatched. In some implementations, for example, in which several commoncode fixes require manual input, users can be prompted for additionalinformation (that can be injected into the code) before the patch isallowed to be applied.

FIG. 1 is block diagram of an example system 100 for completing dynamiccontent modifications to fix issues on pages of a website. The examplesystem 100 is described with regard to fixing accessibility issues as anillustrative example, but it can be used to fix other types of issues aswell, such as SEO issues, website updates, language translations issues,compatibility issues, regulatory issues, and/or other issues. Forexample, the system 100 can be used by a user to fix issues associatedwith the use, of the pages, by someone with a disability. Users of thesystem 100 can include owners of a website, webmasters in charge ofmaintaining pages for one or more websites, and other users who can usethe system 100 as a tool for making pages of a website better, moreconsistent, and more accessible.

In some implementations, some or all of the features of the system 100can be accessible to web programmers, such as in a plug-in in anintegrated development environment (IDE) or other applicationenvironment. In some implementations, some or all of the features of thesystem 100 can be configurable, such as to allow users to specify thetypes of accessibilities to identify and/or to prioritize particulartypes of accessibility issues.

A code library 102 can include code, for example, HTML and/or other codethat is used for creating documents on the web. A page report screen 104can be part of a user interface used by users to maintain pages on theirwebsite for accessibility. The page report screen 104 can be a screenthat is available from a site improvement entity that offers varioussolutions for web page design, maintenance, and improvement. In someimplementations, the page report screen 104 can be provided as astandalone system accessible through the user's personal computer,laptop computer, or other computer. In some implementations, the pagereport screen 104 can be provided as an application (or “app”) thatresides on the user's mobile device such as a smart phone.

In some implementations, the page report screen 104 can be automaticallydisplayed to the user if a background process of the site improvemententity detects (such as by crawling pages of the user's website) anaccessibility issue within an existing page. In some implementations,the page report screen 104 can be provided automatically, such asshortly after an accessibility issue is introduced into one or morepages of a website. This can occur, for example, if the webmaster orother web developer makes a change that causes the introduction of anaccessibility issue (e.g., web page P is no longer compliant withaccessibility standard S for users with disability D).

The page report screen 104 can include a “Why” control 106 thatsummarizes one or more reasons that web pages identified in the reportexhibit a particular accessibility issue. For example, selection of the“How” control 106 can result in the presentation of information thatdescribes particular accessibility issues and why the accessibilityissues should be fixed.

The page report screen 104 can include a “How” control 108 thatsummarizes one or more actions that can be taken to resolve the problemsto fix pages of a website and eliminate the particular accessibilityissues. For example, selection of the “How” control 106 can result inthe presentation of information that describes specific ways to fixparticular accessibility issues, including estimates of the timeinvolved to make the fixes. An example can be along the lines of, “theproblem can be fixed using a search-and-replace on Tag X and changingeach instance to Tag Y across all 14 web pages on which the issue wasidentified.”

A preview control 110 can provide access to a preview page 114 on whichone or more pages of a website can be displayed. A display area 112 canbe used to display a page, such as a landing page of a website undercontrol of the user.

The preview page 114 can include a page display area 116, on which apage from a website is displayed. The preview page 114 can also includea tools control 118 that is selectable, by the user, to causepresentation of a tools menu 120.

The tools menu 120 can include various tools for maintainingaccessibility of web pages. For example, the tools menu 120 can includean implemented fixes area 121 that provides a list of fixes that havebeen made in the past. The fixes area 121 can include, for each fix of alist of fixes 122, check boxes that are checked for applicable ones offixes that are still working 124 and fixes that are not (e.g., nolonger) working 126 on web pages of a current website. Working/notworking information can be identified and presented for fixes that weremade at one time and that, for whatever reason, may have stoppedworking.

Controls 127 can allow the user to perform various actions associatedwith particular fixes 122. For example, if a particular fix 122 e is notworking, then the user can select a control 127 f that can serve as alink to a script selection, preview, and approval process 130. In thisway, the user can revisit a set of fixes (and corresponding processsteps) that were used to fix the issue. Further, if a different solutionis needed to fix the issue, the user can be provided with options tofind and execute a script that will work to fix the issue. Example stepsin the script selection, preview, and approval process 130 can includean action such as “Search and Replace X with Y” 132 a, among othersteps/actions 132 in the process. Other controls 127 can be used asactionable links for presenting screens that display pages of a websiteto which a particular fix is being applied, such as to provide forpresentation display pages 136 on which the particular fix 122 f hasbeen applied.

In some implementations, one or more components of the tools menu 120can include controls 129 for filtering or identifying past and/orongoing fixes. For example, controls can be used to cause thepresentation of information (e.g., working and non-working fixes A-F)for only a subset of particular fixes, such as accessibility fixes thathave been made for user users who have disabilities related to vision.Other controls can be used to narrow the presentation to information forselected time periods, selected groups of pages (e.g., under a commonmain page of a website), or for categories of fixes (e.g., tags relatedto color or font size).

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an example of a combined system 200combining a guidance approach and an automated solution. For example,the combined system 200 can be used in conjunction with the system 100.Automated fixes made by developers 202, such as code fixes made usingthe code library 102, can be used to update an automated solution codelibrary 206. Further, customized fixes made by partners 204, such ascode fixes made by users who are webmasters, can also be used to updatethe automated solution code library 206. The updated solution codelibrary 206 can support a preview mode 210 by which a user can review,for example, accessibility fixes that have been made to a copy ofexisting source code. The user can select an approve control 212 (e.g.,a component of the script selection, preview, and approval process 130)to implement the changes. An approval process can also apply to guidanceapproach updates 208.

FIGS. 3A-D depict a sequence of user interfaces that are presented on awebsite owner/developer client device 300 and website user clientdevices 302 to provide client-side website remediation. The clientdevices 300 and 302 can be any of a variety of client computing devices,such as mobile computing devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets, wearabledevices), desktop computers, laptop computers, and/or other appropriatecomputing devices.

Referring to FIG. 3A, the user interface that is presented on the clientdevice 300 associated with the website owner/developer includes avariety of options for the website owner/developer to identify things tobe fixed, to preview client-side fixes, and the push out those fixes tousers of the website (e.g., the client devices 302). As depicted, thewebsite owner/developer 300 requests a website code 340 for the websitefrom the website server system 304. The website code 340, wheninterpreted on the client device 300 (e.g., interpreted by a webbrowser), can request remediation code 342 from a remediation serversystem 306. For example, the website code 340 can have an includestatement to request and run the remediation code 342 (e.g., one or morescripts, such as JavaScript) as part of presenting the website on theclient device 300. The remediation code 342 can include featuresdescribed above to analyze the website as it is presented/rendered onthe client device 300 (e.g., searching and analyzing the DOM tree forthe website as created on the client device 300), and code to presentuser interface features for the website owner/developer to identify andfix issues identified in the website for remediation.

The client device 300 can receive the website code 340 and theremediation code 342, and can run/interpret both of them to present theuser interface that is shown in FIG. 3A. The user interface includes awebpage 312 as well as several additional user interface featuresspecifically presented for the website owner/developer, such as the toolbar 314 to toggle between different presentation features (e.g.,enable/disable CSS, enable/disable JavaScript) and a remediation sidepanel 318 to view different issues identified on the webpage 312. Theremediation side panel 318 includes a variety of different remediationcategories 316, including quality assurance, accessibility, searchengine optimization (SEO), website policies, and/or others. In thedepicted example, the accessibility option is selected and accessibilityissues on the webpage 312 for remediation are described in the sidepanel 318. In this example, the side panel 318 includes a description ofthe identified accessibility issues (320), a description of how thoseissues can be fixed through server-side changes to the website code 340(322), a drop down menu 324 to filter the number of occurrences of thoseissues along one or more features, details 326 for each occurrence ofthe issue on the webpage 312, and client-side remediation options 328for fixing the issue, which in this example include two differentoptions (Fix A and Fix B). Both of those example fixes are stored in acode library 308 as fixes 336-338. The issue on the webpage 312 ishighlighted 334. The remediation options 328 can each be previewed byselecting a corresponding preview button 330-332, which will cause thecorresponding code fix from the code library 308 to be transmitted tothe client device 300 and run with the website code 340 so that it canbe previewed before being pushed out live to the user devices 302.

Referring to FIG. 3B, the user interface is presented after the button330 for previewing Fix A is selected and the code 336 for Fix A istransmitted to and run on the client device 300 so as to preview thefix. In this example, the details about the fix are presented in thearea 344, which includes a description of the client-side remediationthat is being performed along with a selectable option 346 to activatethe feature across all user devices 302 for the website.

Referring to FIG. 3C, the user interface is presented after the button346 is selected to activate the Fix A across the website, which involvesthe client device 300 transmitting instructions 352 to the remediationserver system 306 to activate Fix A. In response to receiving thoseinstructions, the remediation server system 306 can store a sitespecific remediation for the fix. For instance, in this example thewebsite that is being evaluated is website X, and the site specificremediation can be stored in the form of information that identifies theremediation that has been approved (Fix A) in association with thewebsite (web site X).

Referring to FIG. 3D, with the remediation Fix A approved for thewebsite X, the remediation is then pushed out live for client-sideimplementation to the website X users and their client devices 302. Forexample, the client devices 302 can request the website code 340 fromthe website server system 304, which can then prompt the client devices302 to request the remediation code 342 which can be provided withsite-specific approved fixes for the website X (provided with the code354 for the Fix A). These can be run on the client devices 302 toremediate the issues identified on the website 312 without having toperform specific updates to the underlying website code 340.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an example technique 400 for identifyinggeometric segments in a webpage and using those geometric segments toimplement segment-specific remediation within a website with a greaterlevel of granularity. The example technique 400 can be implemented byany of a variety of systems and devices, such as the systems and devicesdescribed above with regard to FIGS. 1-3.

Two example webpages A and N (430 and 440, respectively) are depicted inFIG. 4 with high-level geometric segments, which can include bounded andcontiguous geometric areas within a webpage that correspond to groupingsof content and/or website features. For example, webpage A 430 includesa title segment, a menu segment, a footer segment, and a page contentsegment that, itself, includes sub-segments of text headers andcorresponding text segments. The webpage N 440 includes a similar titlesegment, footer segment, and page content segment, but includes asub-segment of a video header and video segment, as well as no menusegment. Identifying segments within the webpages A and N (430 and 440)can be performed, for example, by remediation code and can be used toisolate/implement code fixes for specific segments. For example, a fixfor the title segment of webpage A may only be applicable to thatsegment of the webpage, and may not be applicable globally to allportions of webpage A. Similarly, a fix to the title segment of webpageA 430 may be applicable to other title segments in other webpages forthe website, such as to the title segment of webpage N 440. Byidentifying segments of the webpages of the website, a greater level ofgranularity can be used to apply fixes (including different types offixes for different segments that each the same problem) to a website,which can improve the effectiveness and adaptability of client-sideremediation.

The technique 400 can be used to implement segment-based remediation. Afirst webpage from a website can be accessed (402). For example, thewebpage A 430 from the website X can be accessed (e.g., download thewebpage A 430 code from the web server for website X). The first webpagecan be rendered (404). For example, a browser or other application caninterpret and render the webpage A 430, which can include constructing aDOM tree for the webpage A 430 that is used to locate and display thewebpage A 430. Remediation code can be accessed and run (406). Forexample, the remediation code can be a script that is identified via aninclude statement on the webpage A code, and can be retrieved from aremediation server system (e.g., remediation server system 306) and run.The remediation code can split the first webpage into a plurality ofdifferent geometric segments (408). For example, the remediation codecan access the DOM tree for the webpage A 430 and, based on thehierarchy and composition of the nodes in the DOM tree, including thelocation and positioning of various graphical components as part of thewebpage A 430, can split the webpage A 430 into multiple differentsegments. The segments can be defined at varying levels of granularity,including having segments that are nested within each other. Examplesegments are depicted for the webpage A 430.

Unique designations for each of the geometric segments can be determined(410). For example, unique identifying features for each of the segmentsfrom the webpage A 430 can be generated, such as a combination of thefeatures in the segment (e.g., combination of content elements,combination of style features), the absolute positioning and location ofthe segments as they are presented in the user interface (e.g., segmentappears in the top third of the user interface, segment appears on theleft/right side of the user interface), the relative positioning andlocation of the segments (e.g., title segment positioned above pagecontent section), and/or hashes and/or other computed values from one ormore of the above features (e.g., hash of one or more values in the rootDOM node for the segment).

The unique designations and remediation options for the geometricsegments can be presented (412). For example, the different segments ofthe webpage A 430 can be annotated on the webpage, similar to theannotation 334 of the issue identified in the user interface 312.Additionally, options to fix issues occurring within each of thesegments can also be presented, similar to the remediation options 328depicted in FIG. 3A. Selections of remediation options can be receivedand previewed in the user interface (414). For example, similar to thepreview of remediation options in FIG. 3B, segment-based remediationoptions can be selected and previewed in the user interface. Remediationactivations can be received and transmitted with their correspondingunique segment designations for the website (416). For example, asdescribed above with regard to FIG. 3C, once a segment-based remediationhas been activated, instructions designating that activation can betransmitted to the remediation server system along with the uniquedesignation for the corresponding segment to which the remediationapplies. That information—the website identifier, the website segmentdesignation, and the specific remediation—can be stored in theremediation database 310 for service to user client devices 302.

The remediation activations can then be applied to other webpages forthe website with geometric segments that have the same uniquedesignation (418). For example, the user may approve a remediation forthe title segment in the webpage A 430, with the intention that theremediation should apply to all title segments in the website X, such asto the title segment in the webpage N 440. The remediation designationcan be applied globally to other pages that are part of the website, butthe remediation can be isolated to being applied to the applicablesegment(s) that have been designated by the user.

Although FIG. 4 and the technique 400 is described and depicted withregard to remediation, it can be used, applied, and adapted in a varietyof different ways. For example, remediations can be considered moregenerally to be improvements to a website, such as SEOs that can beimplemented on a website to improve its ranking in search engines forvarious queries. For example, an variation of the technique 400 caninclude rendering the first webpage (404), applying a code portion tothe first webpage to analyze the webpage as rendered (406), splittingthe page into a plurality of segments (408), determining a uniquedesignation for each of the segments (410), and then using thosedesignations to identify and perform SEO on the first webpage and otherwebpages for the website. For instance, search engines can value thepositioning of various content items across different segments of awebpage when determining webpage rankings (e.g., keyword in title canhave greater weight in ranking than in footer). Such a technique canidentify these different segments and can be used to better enhance andimprove SEO for a website. Other implementations and/or variations ofFIG. 4 and the technique 400 are also possible.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of example computing devices 500, 550 that maybe used to implement the systems and methods described in this document,as either a client or as a server or plurality of servers. Computingdevice 500 is intended to represent various forms of digital computers,such as laptops, desktops, workstations, personal digital assistants,servers, blade servers, mainframes, and other appropriate computers.Computing device 500 is further intended to represent any othertypically non-mobile devices, such as televisions or other electronicdevices with one or more processers embedded therein or attachedthereto. Computing device 550 is intended to represent various forms ofmobile devices, such as personal digital assistants, cellulartelephones, smartphones, and other computing devices. The componentsshown here, their connections and relationships, and their functions,are meant to be examples only, and are not meant to limitimplementations of the inventions described and/or claimed in thisdocument.

Computing device 500 includes a processor 502, memory 504, a storagedevice 506, a high-speed controller 508 connecting to memory 504 andhigh-speed expansion ports 510, and a low-speed controller 512connecting to low-speed bus 514 and storage device 506. Each of thecomponents 502, 504, 506, 508, 510, and 512, are interconnected usingvarious busses, and may be mounted on a common motherboard or in othermanners as appropriate. The processor 502 can process instructions forexecution within the computing device 500, including instructions storedin the memory 504 or on the storage device 506 to display graphicalinformation for a GUI on an external input/output device, such asdisplay 516 coupled to high-speed controller 508. In otherimplementations, multiple processors and/or multiple buses may be used,as appropriate, along with multiple memories and types of memory. Also,multiple computing devices 500 may be connected, with each deviceproviding portions of the necessary operations (e.g., as a server bank,a group of blade servers, or a multi-processor system).

The memory 504 stores information within the computing device 500. Inone implementation, the memory 504 is a computer-readable medium. In oneimplementation, the memory 504 is a volatile memory unit or units. Inanother implementation, the memory 504 is a non-volatile memory unit orunits.

The storage device 506 is capable of providing mass storage for thecomputing device 500. In one implementation, the storage device 506 is acomputer-readable medium. In various different implementations, thestorage device 506 may be a floppy disk device, a hard disk device, anoptical disk device, or a tape device, a flash memory or other similarsolid state memory device, or an array of devices, including devices ina storage area network or other configurations. In one implementation, acomputer program product is tangibly embodied in an information carrier.The computer program product contains instructions that, when executed,perform one or more methods, such as those described above. Theinformation carrier is a computer- or machine-readable medium, such asthe memory 504, the storage device 506, or memory on processor 502.

The high-speed controller 508 manages bandwidth-intensive operations forthe computing device 500, while the low-speed controller 512 manageslower bandwidth-intensive operations. Such allocation of duties is anexample only. In one implementation, the high-speed controller 508 iscoupled to memory 504, display 516 (e.g., through a graphics processoror accelerator), and to high-speed expansion ports 510, which may acceptvarious expansion cards (not shown). In the implementation, low-speedcontroller 512 is coupled to storage device 506 and low-speed bus 514.The low-speed bus 514 (e.g., a low-speed expansion port), which mayinclude various communication ports (e.g., USB, Bluetooth®, Ethernet,wireless Ethernet), may be coupled to one or more input/output devices,such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a scanner, or a networking devicesuch as a switch or router, e.g., through a network adapter.

The computing device 500 may be implemented in a number of differentforms and/or virtualized, as shown in the figure. For example, it may beimplemented as a standard server 520, or multiple times in a group ofsuch servers. It may also be implemented as part of a rack server system524. In addition, it may be implemented in a personal computer such as alaptop computer 522. Alternatively, components from computing device 500may be combined with other components in a mobile device (not shown),such as computing device 550. Each of such devices may contain one ormore of computing devices 500, 550, and an entire system may be made upof multiple computing devices 500, 550 communicating with each other.

Computing device 550 includes a processor 552, memory 564, aninput/output device such as a display 554, a communication interface566, and a transceiver 568, among other components. The computing device550 may also be provided with a storage device, such as a micro-drive orother device, to provide additional storage. Each of the components 550,552, 564, 554, 566, and 568, are interconnected using various buses, andseveral of the components may be mounted on a common motherboard or inother manners as appropriate.

The processor 552 can process instructions for execution within thecomputing device 550, including instructions stored in the memory 564.The processor may also include separate analog and digital processors.The processor may provide, for example, for coordination of the othercomponents of the computing device 550, such as control of userinterfaces, applications run by computing device 550, and wirelesscommunication by computing device 550.

Processor 552 may communicate with a user through control interface 558and display interface 556 coupled to a display 554. The display 554 maybe, for example, a TFT LCD display or an OLED display, or otherappropriate display technology. The display interface 556 may compriseappropriate circuitry for driving the display 554 to present graphicaland other information to a user. The control interface 558 may receivecommands from a user and convert them for submission to the processor552. In addition, an external interface 562 may be provided incommunication with processor 552, so as to enable near areacommunication of computing device 550 with other devices. Externalinterface 562 may provide, for example, for wired communication (e.g.,via a docking procedure) or for wireless communication (e.g., viaBluetooth® or other such technologies).

The memory 564 stores information within the computing device 550. Inone implementation, the memory 564 is a computer-readable medium. In oneimplementation, the memory 564 is a volatile memory unit or units. Inanother implementation, the memory 564 is a non-volatile memory unit orunits. Expansion memory 574 may also be provided and connected tocomputing device 550 through expansion interface 572, which may include,for example, a subscriber identification module (SIM) card interface.Such expansion memory 574 may provide extra storage space for computingdevice 550, or may also store applications or other information forcomputing device 550. Specifically, expansion memory 574 may includeinstructions to carry out or supplement the processes described above,and may include secure information also. Thus, for example, expansionmemory 574 may be provided as a security module for computing device550, and may be programmed with instructions that permit secure use ofcomputing device 550. In addition, secure applications may be providedvia the SIM cards, along with additional information, such as placingidentifying information on the SIM card in a non-hackable manner.

The memory may include for example, flash memory and/or MRAM memory, asdiscussed below. In one implementation, a computer program product istangibly embodied in an information carrier. The computer programproduct contains instructions that, when executed, perform one or moremethods, such as those described above. The information carrier is acomputer- or machine-readable medium, such as the memory 564, expansionmemory 574, or memory on processor 552.

Computing device 550 may communicate wirelessly through communicationinterface 566, which may include digital signal processing circuitrywhere necessary. Communication interface 566 may provide forcommunications under various modes or protocols, such as GSM voicecalls, SMS, EMS, or MMS messaging, CDMA, TDMA, PDC, WCDMA, CDMA2000, orGPRS, among others. Such communication may occur, for example, throughtransceiver 568 (e.g., a radio-frequency transceiver). In addition,short-range communication may occur, such as using a Bluetooth®, WiFi,or other such transceiver (not shown). In addition, GPS receiver module570 may provide additional wireless data to computing device 550, whichmay be used as appropriate by applications running on computing device550.

Computing device 550 may also communicate audibly using audio codec 560,which may receive spoken information from a user and convert it tousable digital information. Audio codec 560 may likewise generateaudible sound for a user, such as through a speaker, e.g., in a handsetof computing device 550. Such sound may include sound from voicetelephone calls, may include recorded sound (e.g., voice messages, musicfiles, etc.) and may also include sound generated by applicationsoperating on computing device 550.

The computing device 550 may be implemented in a number of differentforms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as acellular telephone 1080. It may also be implemented as part of asmartphone 582, personal digital assistant, or other mobile device.

Various implementations of the systems and techniques described here canbe realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry,specially designed ASICs (application specific integrated circuits),computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof.These various implementations can include implementation in one or morecomputer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on aprogrammable system including at least one programmable processor, whichmay be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data andinstructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storagesystem, at least one input device, and at least one output device.

These computer programs (also known as programs, software, softwareapplications or code) include machine instructions for a programmableprocessor, and can be implemented in a high-level procedural and/orobject-oriented programming language, and/or in assembly/machinelanguage. Other programming paradigms can be used, e.g., functionalprogramming, logical programming, or other programming. As used herein,the terms “machine-readable medium” “computer-readable medium” refers toany computer program product, apparatus and/or device (e.g., magneticdiscs, optical disks, memory, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)) used toprovide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor,including a machine-readable medium that receives machine instructionsas a machine-readable signal. The term “machine-readable signal” refersto any signal used to provide machine instructions and/or data to aprogrammable processor.

To provide for interaction with a user, the systems and techniquesdescribed here can be implemented on a computer having a display device(e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor)for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointingdevice (e.g., a mouse or a trackball) by which the user can provideinput to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide forinteraction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to theuser can be any form of sensory feedback (e.g., visual feedback,auditory feedback, or tactile feedback); and input from the user can bereceived in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input.

The systems and techniques described here can be implemented in acomputing system that includes a back end component (e.g., as a dataserver), or that includes a middleware component (e.g., an applicationserver), or that includes a front end component (e.g., a client computerhaving a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a usercan interact with an implementation of the systems and techniquesdescribed here), or any combination of such back end, middleware, orfront end components. The components of the system can be interconnectedby any form or medium of digital data communication (e.g., acommunication network). Examples of communication networks include alocal area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), and theInternet.

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interactthrough a communication network. The relationship of client and serverarises by virtue of computer programs running on the respectivecomputers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

While this specification contains many specific implementation details,these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of anyinventions or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions offeatures specific to particular implementations of particularinventions. Certain features that are described in this specification inthe context of separate implementations can also be implemented incombination in a single implementation. Conversely, various featuresthat are described in the context of a single implementation can also beimplemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitablesub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above asacting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, oneor more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excisedfrom the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to asub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particularorder, this should not be understood as requiring that such operationsbe performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, orthat all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirableresults. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processingmay be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various systemcomponents in the implementations described above should not beunderstood as requiring such separation in all implementations, and itshould be understood that the described program components and systemscan generally be integrated together in a single software product orpackaged into multiple software products.

Thus, particular implementations of the subject matter have beendescribed. Other implementations are within the scope of the followingclaims. In some cases, the actions recited in the claims can beperformed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. Inaddition, the processes depicted in the accompanying figures do notnecessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, toachieve desirable results. In certain implementations, multitasking andparallel processing may be advantageous.

What is claimed is: 1-6. (canceled)
 7. A computer-implemented method forremediating issues on webpages through client-side fixes, comprising:receiving, by a computing device from a system that analyzes content ofweb pages for issues, first information that identifies a first issue ina particular web page, the particular web page configured to be renderedat client devices through execution of web page code that identifiesremediation code to download from a remote computing system and executeto render the particular web page; presenting, by the computing devicebased on the computing device having received the first information fromthe system that analyzes content of web pages for issues, a web pagereport that: (i) identifies the first issue in the particular web page,and (ii) indicates a first fix to the first issue in the particular webpage; receiving, by the computing device, user input that approves thefirst fix to the first issue in the particular web page; and sending, bythe computing device for receipt by the remote computing system, secondinformation indicating that the user input approved the first fix to thefirst issue in the particular web page, to cause the remote computingsystem to modify the remediation code so that the remediation code thatclient devices download and execute in order to render the particularweb page performs the first fix to the first issue in the particular webpage at the client devices.
 8. The computer-implemented method of claim7, wherein: the web page code includes HTML code; and the remediationcode includes script code.
 9. The computer-implemented method of claim8, wherein: a third-party computing system that hosts the particular webpage provides the HTML code for downloaded by the client device; and thethird-party computing system is distinct from the remote computingsystem from which the script code is downloadable.
 10. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 8, wherein the HTML code includes areference to the script code and is configured to cause client devicesrendering the particular web page to download the script code from theremote computing system during rendering of the particular web page. 11.The computer-implemented method of claim 7, wherein: the web page reportconcurrently presents the indication of the first fix to the first issueand an indication of a second fix to the first issue; and the computingdevice is configured to send for receipt by the remote computing systemupon receipt of user input that selects the second fix to the firstissue, third information indicating that user input selected the secondfix to the first issue, to cause the remote computing system to modifythe remediation code so that the remediation code that client devicesdownload and execute in order to render the particular web page performsthe second fix to the first issue in the particular web page at theclient devices.
 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, furthercomprising: presenting, by the computing device before the computingdevice receives the user input that approves the first fix, a preview ofthe particular web page with the first fix implemented in the particularweb page.
 13. The computer-implemented method of claim 12, whereinpresenting the preview of the particular web page with the first fixactivated includes: downloading, by the computing device, the web pagecode for the particular web page; and executing, by the computingdevice, remediation code that modifies content of the web page at thecomputing device to perform the first fix to the first issue in theparticular web page.
 14. The computer-implemented method of claim 7,wherein the web page code is configured to cause the client devices torender the particular web page and perform the first fix to the firstissue in the particular web page using the remediation code without anyupdate that addresses the first fix being performed in the web page codeat a third-party computing system that hosts the web page code.
 15. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 7, wherein the remediation codethat is modified to perform the first fix is configured to perform thefirst fix at the client devices by searching for and modifying elementsin client-side DOM trees that are used to render the particular webpage.
 16. The computer-implemented method of claim 15, wherein themodifying the elements in the client-side DOM trees is performed by webbrowsers at the client devices.
 17. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 7, wherein the system that analyzes content of web pages forissues is distinct from the remote computing system.
 18. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 7, wherein the web page report thatis presented by the computing device presents: (i) a display of theparticular web page; and (ii) to a side of the display of the particularweb page, information that indicates the first fix to the first issue.19. A system comprising: one or more processors; and one or morecomputer-readable devices including instructions that, when executed bythe one or more processors, cause the system to perform operations thatinclude: receiving, by a computing device from a system that analyzescontent of web pages for issues, first information that identifies afirst issue in a particular web page, the particular web page configuredto be rendered at client devices through execution of web page code thatidentifies remediation code to download from a remote computing systemand execute to render the particular web page; presenting, by thecomputing device based on the computing device having received the firstinformation from the system that analyzes content of web pages forissues, a web page report that: (i) identifies the first issue in theparticular web page, and (ii) indicates a first fix to the first issuein the particular web page; receiving, by the computing device, userinput that approves the first fix to the first issue in the particularweb page; and sending, by the computing device for receipt by the remotecomputing system, second information indicating that the user inputapproved the first fix to the first issue in the particular web page, tocause the remote computing system to modify the remediation code so thatthe remediation code that client devices download and execute in orderto render the particular web page performs the first fix to the firstissue in the particular web page at the client devices.